Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Arab conquest of Persia
The Sasanians fall and Iran enters the Islamic world
In 636 (or 637 by other accounts) an Arab army under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the Sasanian forces of Rustam at al-Qadisiyyah. The capital Ctesiphon soon fell, the Persians lost their last great battle at Nahavand in 642, and the last shah, Yazdegerd III, was killed near Merv in 651. Iran joined the caliphate but kept its language and deeply shaped Islamic culture.
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Meanwhile around the world (±25 years)
Africa
- 652 The Baqt treaty with Nubia — 16 years later
Asia
- 618 Founding of the Tang dynasty — 18 years earlier
- 628 Brahmagupta and the rules of zero — 8 years earlier
- 629–645 Xuanzang's journey to the West — 7 years earlier
Alive at the time
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (aged 36)
- Pakal the Great (aged 33)
- Wu Zetian (aged 12)
- Emperor Taizong of Tang (aged 38)
- Xuanzang (aged 34)