Kalam
Islamic theology that defends doctrine with rational argument
Key ideas
- The Mu'tazila: God's unity and justice, and human free will
- The Ash'arites: God's will creates everything at every moment
- Atomism: the world consists of instants and particles God creates
- Debates over whether the Quran is created
Key thinkers
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari — Islamic theologian, founder of Ash'arism, 873–935
- Al-Ghazali — Islamic theologian and philosopher, 1058–1111
Meanwhile elsewhere
- Confucianism Asia
- Buddhist philosophy Asia
- Taoism Asia
- Nyaya Asia
- Patristics Africa
- Madhyamaka Asia
- Yogachara Asia
- Chan and Zen Asia
- Advaita Vedanta Asia
- Neo-Confucianism Asia
- Nominalism Europe
- Scholasticism Europe
- Renaissance humanism Europe
- British empiricism Europe
- Continental rationalism Europe
- The Enlightenment Europe
- German idealism Europe
- Utilitarianism Europe
- Positivism Europe
- American transcendentalism Americas
- Russian religious philosophy Eastern Europe & Russia
- Existentialism Europe
- Marxism Europe
- Pragmatism Americas
- Russian cosmism Eastern Europe & Russia
- Phenomenology Europe
- Analytic philosophy Europe
- Kyoto School Asia
- Structuralism Europe
- Logical positivism Europe
- Négritude Africa
- Postmodern philosophy Europe