The Dutch lose Brazil
Portuguese settlers win back north-eastern Brazil themselves
From 1630 the Dutch West India Company held north-eastern Brazil, with its sugar plantations and its capital at Recife. Portuguese planters rose in 1645, twice defeated the Dutch at Guararapes, and in January 1654 Recife capitulated.
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Meanwhile around the world (±25 years)
Europe
- 1640–1668 Portugal regains independence — 14 years earlier
- 1648 Peace of Westphalia — 6 years earlier
- 1649 Execution of Charles I of England — 5 years earlier
- 1676 Leeuwenhoek sees microbes — 22 years later
Eastern Europe & Russia
- 1649 Law Code of 1649 — 5 years earlier
- 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement — same year
- 1667 Truce of Andrusovo — 13 years later
Africa
- 1662 Last sighting of the dodo — 8 years later
Asia
- 1632–1653 Building of the Taj Mahal — 22 years earlier
- 1644 Fall of the Ming, rise of the Qing — 10 years earlier
- 1673–1681 Revolt of the Three Feudatories — 19 years later
Alive at the time
- Rembrandt (aged 48)
- Louis XIV (aged 16)
- Isaac Newton (aged 11)
- Kangxi Emperor (aged 0)
- Njinga of Ndongo and Matamba (aged 71)
- Thomas Hobbes (aged 66)
- Shah Jahan (aged 62)
- Oliver Cromwell (aged 55)
- Aurangzeb (aged 36)
- Alexis the Most Quiet (aged 25)