Holy Roman Empire
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The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity comprising and controlling much of Central Europe and Western Europe, headed by the Holy Roman Emperor and characterized by a decentralized political structure. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. Initially, it consisted of three constituent kingdoms—Germany, Italy, and Burgundy—held together by the emperor's overlordship.
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Rulers
- Holy Roman Empire & Austria
- Otto the Great 936 – 973, Otto II 973 – 983, Otto III 983 – 1002, Henry II 1002 – 1024, Conrad II 1024 – 1039, Henry III 1039 – 1056, Henry IV 1056 – 1105, Henry V 1105 – 1125, Lothair III 1125 – 1137, Conrad III 1138 – 1152, Frederick Barbarossa 1152 – 1190, Henry VI 1190 – 1197, Philip of Swabia 1198 – 1208, Otto IV 1208 – 1215, Frederick II 1215 – 1250, Conrad IV 1250 – 1254, Interregnum 1254 – 1273, Rudolf I 1273 – 1291, Adolf of Nassau 1292 – 1298, Albert I 1298 – 1308, Henry VII 1308 – 1313, Louis the Bavarian 1314 – 1347, Charles IV 1347 – 1378, Wenceslaus 1378 – 1400, Rupert of the Palatinate 1400 – 1410, Sigismund 1410 – 1437, Albert II 1438 – 1439, Frederick III 1440 – 1493, Maximilian I 1493 – 1519, Charles V 1519 – 1556, Ferdinand I 1556 – 1564, Maximilian II 1564 – 1576, Rudolf II 1576 – 1612, Matthias 1612 – 1619, Ferdinand II 1619 – 1637, Ferdinand III 1637 – 1657, Leopold I 1658 – 1705, Joseph I 1705 – 1711, Charles VI 1711 – 1740, Charles VII 1742 – 1745, Francis I 1745 – 1765, Joseph II 1765 – 1790, Leopold II 1790 – 1792, Francis II 1792 – 1835
Events on its territory
- 1077 Walk to Canossa
- c. 1088 University of Bologna
- 1242 Battle on the Ice
- c. 1300 Onset of the Little Ice Age
- 1410 Battle of Grunwald
- c. 1450 Gutenberg's printing press
- 1648 Peace of Westphalia
- 1756–1763 Seven Years' War